They do not suffer like us: the differential attribution of social pain as a dehumanization criterion in children / Ellos no sufren como nosotros: la atribución diferencial de dolor social como criterio de deshumanización en niños

BACKGROUND: Social pain is considered a feature of humanity. The goal of this study was to confirm whether children, like adults, dehumanise out-group members attributing them less capacity to experience social pain than to in-group members. METHODS: A total of 119 participants aged between 9 and 13 years responded to a questionnaire which collected information about situations that caused physical pain and situations that caused social pain. The task of the participants was to indicate to what extent they considered that two persons (a member of the in-group and a member of an out-group) would experience pain in each situation. RESULTS: The results indicated that there was a higher estimate of social pain suffered by in-group members. There were no significant differences in the case of situations that generated physical in the groups. CONCLUSIONS: The results were analysed from the dehumanisation perspective

ANTECEDENTES: se considera que la capacidad de experimentar dolor social es una característica exclusivamente humana. El objetivo de esta investigación es comprobar si los niños, al igual que los adultos, deshumanizan a los miembros de exogrupos atribuyéndoles menos capacidad de experimentar dolor social que a los miembros del endogrupo. MÉTODO: un total de 119 participantes de entre 9 y 13 años respondieron a un cuestionario en el que se recogían situaciones que causan dolor físico y situaciones que causan dolor de tipo social. La tarea de los participantes era indicar en qué medida consideraban que dos personas (un miembro del endogrupo y un miembro de un exogrupo) experimentarían dolor en cada una de las situaciones. RESULTADOS: los resultados indican que se produce una mayor estimación de dolor social en los miembros del endogrupo que en los miembros del exogrupo. En el caso de las situaciones que generan dolor físico no se encontraron diferencias significativas en función del grupo. CONCLUSIONES: los resultados se analizan desde la perspectiva de la deshumanización

They do not suffer like us: The differential attribution of social pain as a dehumanization criterion in children.

BACKGROUND: Social pain is considered a feature of humanity. The goal of this study was to confirm whether children, like adults, dehumanise out-group members attributing them less capacity to experience social pain than to in-group members. METHODS: A total of 119 participants aged between 9 and 13 years responded to a questionnaire which collected information about situations that caused physical pain and situations that caused social pain. The task of the participants was to indicate to what extent they considered that two persons (a member of the in-group and a member of an out-group) would experience pain in each situation. RESULTS: The results indicated that there was a higher estimate of social pain suffered by in-group members. There were no significant differences in the case of situations that generated physical in the groups. CONCLUSIONS: The results were analysed from the dehumanisation perspective.

Do they feel the same as us? The infrahumanization of individuals with Down síndrome / ¿Sienten como nosotros? La infrahumanización de las personas con síndrome de Down

BACKGROUND: Research on infrahumanization shows there is a strong tendency to deprive outgroups of the ability to experience secondary emotions when compared to ingroups. However, it is not known whether this tendency is also applied to social groups towards which ambivalent attitudes are held, such as individuals with Down syndrome. METHODS: In the first study, participants were asked to attribute primary and secondary emotions to members of the ingroup (students) and outgroup (individuals with Down syndrome). The second study explored the effect of the physical features of Down syndrome on the differential association of emotions. A lexical decision task preceded by photographs of three face types (adults with Down syndrome, adults with ambiguous faces and adults without Down syndrome) was used for that purpose. RESULTS: The results showed a higher attribution of secondary emotions to members of the ingroup than to members of the outgroup. Also revealed that participants associated secondary emotions with the faces of adults without Down syndrome and with ambiguous faces far more quickly than with faces of individuals with Down syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: These results confirm the existence of infrahumanization bias and the effect of visibility of the stigma in this subtle type of prejudice

ANTECEDENTES: las investigaciones sobre infrahumanización muestran que hay una fuerte inclinación a privar a los exogrupos de la capacidad de experimentar emociones secundarias, en comparación con los endogrupos. Sin embargo, desconocemos si esta tendencia se aplica a grupos sociales hacia los que se mantienen actitudes ambivalentes, como las personas con síndrome de Down. MÉTODO: en el primer estudio se pidió a los participantes que atribuyeran emociones primarias y secundarias a los miembros del endogrupo (estudiantes) y del exogrupo (personas con síndrome de Down). El segundo estudio exploró el efecto que tenían los rasgos físicos de síndrome de Down en la asociación diferencial de emociones. Se empleó una tarea de decisión léxica precedida por fotografías de tres tipos de rostros (adultos con síndrome de Down, adultos con caras ambiguas y adultos sin síndrome de Down).RESULTADOS: se produjo una mayor atribución de emociones secundarias a los miembros del endogrupo que del exogrupo. Los participantes asociaron con mayor rapidez emociones secundarias a caras de adultos sin síndrome de Down y a caras ambiguas, en comparación con las caras de personas con síndrome de Down. CONCLUSIONES: estos resultados confirman la existencia del sesgo de infrahumanización y el papel de la visibilidad del estigma

Do they feel the same as us? The infrahumanization of individuals with Down syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Research on infrahumanization shows there is a strong tendency to deprive outgroups of the ability to experience secondary emotions when compared to ingroups. However, it is not known whether this tendency is also applied to social groups towards which ambivalent attitudes are held, such as individuals with Down syndrome. METHODS: In the first study, participants were asked to attribute primary and secondary emotions to members of the ingroup (students) and outgroup (individuals with Down syndrome). The second study explored the effect of the physical features of Down syndrome on the differential association of emotions. A lexical decision task preceded by photographs of three face types (adults with Down syndrome, adults with ambiguous faces and adults without Down syndrome) was used for that purpose. RESULTS: The results showed a higher attribution of secondary emotions to members of the ingroup than to members of the outgroup. Also revealed that participants associated secondary emotions with the faces of adults without Down syndrome and with ambiguous faces far more quickly than with faces of individuals with Down syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: These results confirm the existence of infrahumanization bias and the effect of visibility of the stigma in this subtle type of prejudice.

Infrahumanization in children: An evaluation of 70 terms relating to humanity / Infrahumanización en niños: evaluación de 70 términos relacionados con humanidad

BACKGROUND: Research on infrahumanization has revealed that individuals attribute more secondary emotions to the in-group than to the out-group, whose capacity to experience them is denied or restricted. When this bias has been examined in children, researchers have used the same taxonomy of affective terms as that used with adults. The aim of this research is to conduct a normative study that will equip researchers with a taxonomy of humanity attributed to emotional terms specifically for children. METHODS: Three hundred and sixty-three children aged between 11 and 12 responded to several questionnaires containing a total of 70 emotional terms, evaluated in eight dimensions associated with the perception of humanity. RESULTS: Principal component analysis shows that children categorize implicit dimensions associated with humanity differently to adults. CONCLUSIONS: This normative study enables the selection of graded emotional terms in humanity perceived by a child sample, in order to overcome current limitations in research on infrahumanization in children

ANTECEDENTES: las investigaciones sobre la infrahumanización han revelado que las personas atribuyen más sentimientos al endogrupo que al exogrupo, al que niegan o restringen la capacidad para experimentarlos. Cuando se ha investigado este sesgo en niños, los investigadores han utilizado la misma taxonomía de rasgos emocionales que con adultos. El objetivo de esta investigación es realizar un estudio normativo que permita a los investigadores tener una taxonomía de humanidad atribuida a los términos emocionales específica para niños. MÉTODO: 363 niños de entre 11 y 12 años respondieron diferentes cuestionarios relativos a un total de 70 términos emocionales, evaluados en ocho dimensiones relacionadas con la percepción de humanidad. RESULTADOS: el análisis de componentes principales muestra que los niños agrupan las dimensiones implícitas asociadas a humanidad de modo diferente a los adultos. CONCLUSIONES: este estudio normativo permite seleccionar términos emocionales graduados en humanidad percibida por una muestra infantil, con el fin de superar las limitaciones encontradas hasta el momento en la investigación sobre infrahumanización en niños

Infrahumanization in children: An evaluation of 70 terms relating to humanity.

BACKGROUND: Research on infrahumanization has revealed that individuals attribute more secondary emotions to the in-group than to the out-group, whose capacity to experience them is denied or restricted. When this bias has been examined in children, researchers have used the same taxonomy of affective terms as that used with adults. The aim of this research is to conduct a normative study that will equip researchers with a taxonomy of humanity attributed to emotional terms specifically for children. METHODS: Three hundred and sixty-three children aged between 11 and 12 responded to several questionnaires containing a total of 70 emotional terms, evaluated in eight dimensions associated with the perception of humanity. RESULTS: Principal component analysis shows that children categorize implicit dimensions associated with humanity differently to adults. CONCLUSIONS: This normative study enables the selection of graded emotional terms in humanity perceived by a child sample, in order to overcome current limitations in research on infrahumanization in children.

Normative data for 148 Spanish emotional words in terms of attributions of humanity / Datos normativos de 148 términos afectivos en dimensiones relacionadas con la atribución de humanidad

Research on outgroup infrahumanization is based on the subtle and not deliberate distinction of secondary emotions, an exclusively human emotion, and primary emotions, which are shared by animals and human beings. According to prior studies, people attribute more secondary emotions to the ingroup than to the outgroup which they deny or restrict the ability to experience them. This study presents normative measures for 148 emotional words viewed by Spanish people in seven dimensions related to humanity assessments. Two factors were revealed by the principal components analysis (PCA). The first component was loaded on dimensions that differentiate the emotions depending on the cognitive demands (cognition, moral quality and duration) whereas the second one was loaded on their expressive profile (visibility, age at which they are acquired, universality and causal locus). These dimensions were analyzed in relation to desirability, familiarity and explicit humanity

Las investigaciones sobre la infrahumanización del exogrupo se apoyan en la distinción sutil y no deliberada que existe entre los sentimientos, una emoción exclusivamente humana, y las emociones, que son compartidas por animales y humanos. De acuerdo con esos estudios, las personas atribuyen más sentimientos al endogrupo que al exogrupo al que niegan o restringen la capacidad para experimentarlos. Este estudio presenta los datos normativos relativos a 148 términos afectivos en siete dimensiones relacionadas con las evaluaciones de humanidad. El Análisis de Componentes Principales calculado sobre las respuestas dio lugar a dos factores. El primero agrupó las dimensiones que diferencian los términos afectivos en función de las demandas cognitivas requeridas (cognición, naturaleza moral y duración), mientras que el segundo las diferenció en función de su perfil expresivo (visibilidad, edad a la que se adquiere, universalidad y foco causal). Estas dimensiones se analizaron en relación a la valencia, la familiaridad y la humanidad explicita

Terroristas y víctimas. La infrahumanización de los marroquíes después del 11-M / Terrorists and victims. Infrahumanization of Moroccans after 11-M

Los estudios sobre infrahumanización verifican que las personas atribuyen más sentimientos al endogrupo que al exogrupo. Sin embargo, aún sabemos poco sobre el efecto de distintos contextos intergrupales en este sesgo. El objetivo principal de este estudio fue comprobar la naturaleza cambiante de la infrahumanización del exogrupo marroquíes inmediatamente después de los atentados del 11-M y siete años más tarde. Para ello, se analizaron las variaciones en la atribución de cualidades esenciales humanas, los sentimientos, a los marroquíes tras activar dos escenarios opuestos: culpables del acto terrorista del 11-M o víctimas del mismo atentado. Los resultados muestran que el grado de infrahumanización de los marroquíes en el contexto de perpetradores no varía significativamente respecto al grupo control. En cambio, no se produce infrahumanización cuando se les asocia a un contexto de víctimas aunque solo inmediatamente después del atentado, ya que siete años después este efecto desaparece (AU)

Infrahumanization studies have verified that most people attribute more secondary emotions to the ingroup than to the outgroup. However, these results may vary with changing contexts. The main objective of this study was to investigate the infrahumanization of Moroccans, depending on the context, after the 11-M attacks and seven years later. For this purpose, variations that occur in the allocation of essential human qualities -secondary emotions- were analyzed by activating images of outgroup members in two opposite contexts: Guilty of the terrorist attack or its victim. The results show that the infrahumanization of the Moroccans in the perpetrator context does not change significantly with regard to the control group. However, infrahumanization does not take place when Moroccans are associated with a victim context, though only immediately after the terrorist attack, because seven years later, this effect disappears (AU)

[Terrorists and victims. Infrahumanization of Moroccans after 11-M]. / Terroristas y víctimas. La infrahumanización de los marroquíes después del 11-M.

Infrahumanization studies have verified that most people attribute more secondary emotions to the ingroup than to the outgroup. However, these results may vary with changing contexts. The main objective of this study was to investigate the infrahumanization of Moroccans, depending on the context, after the 11-M attacks and seven years later. For this purpose, variations that occur in the allocation of essential human qualities--secondary emotions--were analyzed by activating images of outgroup members in two opposite contexts: Guilty of the terrorist attack or its victim. The results show that the infrahumanization of the Moroccans in the perpetrator context does not change significantly with regard to the control group. However, infrahumanization does not take place when Moroccans are associated with a victim context, though only immediately after the terrorist attack, because seven years later, this effect disappears.

La infrahumanización de exogrupos en el mundo. El papel de la similitud, la amistad intergrupal, el conocimiento del exogrupo y el estatus / Infra-humanization of outgroups throughout the world. The role of similarity, intergroup friendship, knowledge of the outgroup, and status

Estudios sobre infrahumanización han confirmado que existe una mayor atribución de sentimientos al endogrupo que al exogrupo independientemente de la valencia de estas emociones. Sin embargo, las variables que conducen a la elección de qué exogrupos pueden ser infrahumanizados han recibido escasa atención. A través de este estudio se pretende determinar algunas de las variables relevantes en el dominio intergrupal que puedan provocar este tipo de prejuicio. El efecto de la similitud, amistad intergrupal, conocimiento del exogrupo y estatus se analizan en relación con la humanización de exogrupos de todo el mundo. Los resultados verificaron que no todos los exogrupos son igualmente humanizados. Un segundo hallazgo reveló que la similitud entre los grupos, la amistad y el conocimiento de los exogrupos incrementa la atribución de sentimientos hacia estos, mientras que el estatus no está relacionado con la humanización del exogrupo (AU)

Studies on infra-humanization have confirmed a greater attribution of secondary emotions to the in-group than to out-groups, independently of the valence of these emotions. However, the variables leading to the choice of which out-groups are likely to be infra-humanized have received limited attention in the literature. This study is concerned with determining some of the relevant variables within the intergroup domain that may elicit this type of prejudice. The roles of similarity, intergroup friendship, knowledge of the out-group, and status are analyzed with respect to the humanization of out-groups throughout the world. Results verify that not all out-groups are equally humanized. A second finding reveals that intergroup similarity, friendship, and knowledge of the out-groups increase the attribution of secondary emotions towards them, while status, as expected, is not related with out-group humanization (AU)

La medida de la homofobia manifiesta y sutil / Measuring explicit and subtle hornophobia

El prejuicio como una disposición afectiva negativa hacia un grupo en su totalidad o hacia sus miembros tiene una larga tradición en la Psicología Social (Adorno, 1950; Allport, 1954). Dicha tradición ha volcado sus esfuerzos en el prejuicio racial, en menoscabo de otros grupos que también son fuente de prejuicio como los homosexuales. Sin embargo, cualquier acercamiento al tema de la homofobia debería hacerse hoy desde la nueva comprensión del prejuicio. El objetivo de este artículo es comprobar si la distinción entre prejuicio sutil y prejuicio manifiesto se puede aplicar al prejuicio hacia los homosexuales. Para ello, se pasó a una muestra de 232 personas un cuestionario que incluía una escala de homofobia manifiesta y sutil, una escala de discrepancia percibida de valores, una escala de autoritarismo de derechas y una escala de autodiscrepancia norma-conducta. Los resultados confirman que existen diferencias entre homofobia manifiesta y homofobia sutil, en la misma línea que el prejuicio racial (AU)

Prejudice as a negative affective attitude towards a particular group or towards an individual as a members of the group has a long research tradition in Social Psychology (Adorno, 1950; Allport, 1954). Most of this research, however, has concentrated on racial prejudice rather than prejudice towards other target groups, such as homosexuals. However, any approach to the study of homophobia today must take into account new understanding of prejudice. The aim of this article is to see if the distinction between subtle prejudice and explicit prejudice can be applied to prejudice toward homosexuals. A sample of 232 people answered a questionnaire that included: a scale of explicit and subtle homophobia, a scale of perceived discrepancy of values, a scale of authoritarianism and a scale of self-discrepancy. The results confirm that there are differences between explicit and subtle homophobia, along the same lines as in racial prejudice (AU)

La activación del estereotipo bajo anestesia general reduce la ambigüedad de la información social / Information processing under general anesthesia: effects on the disambiguation of social information

Este artículo examina el efecto que tiene la activación sublimnal de una categoría social y de un rasgo asociado a una conducta estereotípica de esa categoría en la interpretación de conductas ambiguas. Con este objetivo 30 pacientes sometidos a una intervención quirúrgica bajo anestesia general participaron en el experimento. A un tercio de los sujetos se les presentó auditivamente una categoría social y un rasgo estereotípico asociado, otro tercio recibió las mismas categorías sociales pero con rasgos sinónimos del esterotípico. El último grupo no recibió ningún tipo de información subliminal. Una vez recuperados de la anestesia los sujetos debían seleccionar el rasgo que mejor describiera al miembro de la categoría que realizaba una conducta. Los resultados muestran como la presentación subliminal de rasgos estereotípicos incrementa la utilización de dicho rasgos para describir la conducta. Sin embargo, cuando la información presentada subliminalmente son rasgos cuyo nexo con la conducta es débil, los resultados sólo señalan un débil fortalecimiento de dicha asociación. Los resultados indican que ante una conducta ambigua la activación de rasgos estereotípicos relacionados hace que la información se interprete en la dirección del estereotipo (AU)

We examine the effect of subliminal information on the interpretation of ambiguous behavior. The information dealt with a social category and a stereotypical trait associated with this category. Thirty patients undergoing surgery under general anesthesia took part in the experiment. One third of the participants were presented with auditory information concerning a social category and an associated stereotypical trait (e.g., the firefighter is brave). Another third received the same social categories but the traits were synonymous of the stereotypical trait (e.g., the firefighter is daring). The remaining group did not receive any subliminal information. After they regained consciousness, the patients were asked to select the trait that best described a category’s member who performed a certain type of behavior (e. g., the firefighter faces dangerous situations with determination). An ANOVA showed that the subliminal presentation of stereotypical traits, in contrast to synonymous information and non-information increased the use of such traits to describe the behaviors. This result indicates that the activation of related stereotypical traits leads ambiguous information to be interpreted in the direction of the stereotype (AU)